絲杠導程精度是衡量傳動系統(tǒng)性能的核心指標，直接影響數(shù)控機床、自動化設(shè)備及精密儀器的定位準確性與運動平穩(wěn)性。其測量需結(jié)合工具與標準化流程，通過量化誤差數(shù)據(jù)為設(shè)備調(diào)校、質(zhì)量評估及故障診斷提供依據(jù)。

　　The lead accuracy of the screw is the core indicator for measuring the performance of the transmission system, which directly affects the positioning accuracy and motion stability of CNC machine tools, automation equipment, and precision instruments. Its measurement needs to be combined with professional tools and standardized processes, providing a basis for equipment calibration, quality assessment, and fault diagnosis through quantitative error data.

　　一、測量原理與核心目標

　　1、 Measurement Principles and Core Objectives

　　絲杠導程精度指螺母沿絲杠軸線移動一周的理論位移與實際位移的偏差。測量需捕捉兩參數(shù)：

　　The lead accuracy of the screw refers to the deviation between the theoretical displacement and the actual displacement of the nut moving along the screw axis for one revolution. Measurement requires capturing two parameters:

　　理論導程：由絲杠螺距與頭數(shù)決定，如雙頭絲杠導程為單頭螺距的兩倍。

　　Theoretical lead: determined by the pitch of the screw and the number of heads, for example, the lead of a double headed screw is twice the pitch of a single headed screw.

　　實際位移：通過高精度傳感器實時采集螺母移動距離，結(jié)合角度編碼器記錄絲杠旋轉(zhuǎn)角度，計算實際導程值。

　　Actual displacement: Real time collection of nut movement distance through high-precision sensors, combined with angle encoder recording of screw rotation angle, and calculation of actual lead value.

　　二、常用測量工具與技術(shù)參數(shù)

　　2、 Common measuring tools and technical parameters

　　激光干涉儀：

　　Laser interferometer:

　　原理：利用激光波長穩(wěn)定性，測量線性位移誤差。

　　Principle: Utilizing laser wavelength stability to measure linear displacement error.

　　精度：可達±0.1μm，適用于超精密絲杠檢測。

　　Accuracy: up to ± 0.1 μ m, suitable for ultra precision screw detection.

　　應(yīng)用：配合環(huán)境補償系統(tǒng)，溫度、氣壓波動影響。

　　Application: In conjunction with an environmental compensation system, eliminate the effects of temperature and pressure fluctuations.

　　絲杠專用測量儀：

　　Screw specific measuring instrument:

　　結(jié)構(gòu)：集成雙頻激光測長基準與圓光柵角度基準，如北京機床研究所JCS系列。

　　Structure: Integrated dual frequency laser length measurement reference and circular grating angle reference, such as the JCS series from Beijing Machine Tool Research Institute.

　　功能：實時輸出誤差曲線，自動計算平均行程偏差（ea）、行程變動量（Vua、V300a）。

　　Function: Real time output of error curve, automatic calculation of average travel deviation (ea) and travel variation (Vua, V300a).

　　測量范圍：支持2-12米長絲杠，精度分級覆蓋1-5級。

　　Measurement range: Supports 2-12-meter long lead screws, with precision grading covering levels 1-5.

　　光柵尺與編碼器組合：

　　Combination of grating ruler and encoder:

　　光柵尺：測量直線位移，分辨率達5μm。

　　Grating ruler: measures linear displacement with a resolution of 5 μ m.

　　編碼器：記錄絲杠旋轉(zhuǎn)角度，同步數(shù)據(jù)采集卡信號。

　　Encoder: Record the rotation angle of the screw and synchronize the data acquisition card signal.

　　優(yōu)勢：成本較低，適用于現(xiàn)場快速檢測。

　　Advantages: Low cost, suitable for rapid on-site testing.

　　三、標準化測量流程

　　3、 Standardized measurement process

　　預處理階段：

　　Preprocessing stage:

　　清潔絲杠表面，去除油污與顆粒物。

　　Clean the surface of the screw to remove oil stains and particulate matter.

　　固定絲杠于恒溫平臺，調(diào)整同軸度≤0.01mm，垂直度≤0.02mm。

　　Fix the screw on the constant temperature platform, adjust the coaxiality to ≤ 0.01mm and perpendicularity to ≤ 0.02mm.

　　傳感器安裝：

　　Sensor installation:

　　激光干涉儀反射鏡固定于工作臺，光路對準絲杠軸線。

　　The reflector of the laser interferometer is fixed on the workbench, and the optical path is aligned with the axis of the screw.

　　光柵尺沿導軌平行布置，編碼器與絲杠端部聯(lián)軸器連接。

　　The grating ruler is arranged parallel to the guide rail, and the encoder is connected to the coupling at the end of the screw.

　　數(shù)據(jù)采集：

　　Data collection:

　　驅(qū)動絲杠以5-30rpm勻速旋轉(zhuǎn)，同步記錄角度與位移數(shù)據(jù)。

　　Drive the screw to rotate at a constant speed of 5-30rpm, synchronously recording angle and displacement data.

　　采樣頻率≥1000Hz，覆蓋有效行程3-5次。

　　Sampling frequency ≥ 1000Hz, covering effective travel 3-5 times.

　　誤差分析：

　　Error analysis:

　　生成誤差曲線，標定峰值偏差與周期性誤差成分。

　　Generate error curves, calibrate peak deviation and periodic error components.

　　計算ea（實際平均行程偏差）、V2πa（每轉(zhuǎn)行程變動量）。

　　Calculate ea (actual average travel deviation) and V2 π a (change in travel per revolution).

　　結(jié)果判定：

　　Result judgment:

　　對比GB/T 17587.3-1998標準，確定精度等級。

　　Compare the GB/T 17587.3-1998 standard to determine the accuracy level.

　　示例：某滾珠絲杠ea=+3μm，V2πa=2μm，符合1級精度要求。

　　Example: A ball screw with ea=+3 μ m and V2 π a=2 μ m meets the requirements of Level 1 accuracy.

　　四、關(guān)鍵影響因素與控制措施

　　4、 Key influencing factors and control measures

　　環(huán)境因素：

　　Environmental factors:

　　溫度控制：恒溫車間20℃±1℃，避免熱變形。

　　Temperature control: Constant temperature workshop at 20 ℃± 1 ℃ to avoid thermal deformation.

　　振動隔離：采用氣浮導軌或減震平臺，抑制外部干擾。

　　Vibration isolation: using air floating guide rails or shock-absorbing platforms to suppress external interference.

　　安裝誤差：

　　Installation error:

　　同軸度調(diào)整：使用激光對準儀，確保絲杠軸線與導軌平行。

　　Coaxiality adjustment: Use a laser alignment device to ensure that the screw axis is parallel to the guide rail.

　　工作臺跳動：千分表檢測≤0.005mm，否則需重新調(diào)校。

　　Workbench jumping: The micrometer detection is ≤ 0.005mm, otherwise it needs to be recalibrated.

　　工具校準：

　　Tool calibration:

　　激光干涉儀定期溯源計量標準。

　　Laser interferometers are regularly traced back to national metrological standards.

　　光柵尺與編碼器進行交叉驗證，系統(tǒng)誤差。

　　Cross validation between grating ruler and encoder to eliminate system errors.

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